Christianity in Nigeria as Portrayed in Things Fall Apart Essay

Christianity in Nigeria as Portrayed in Things Fall Apart - Essay Example Religion to a primitive man is a critical issue and is mostly practised in a primitive manner. They practise all throughout the year and it sin opt a one day event on the week as seen by the Europeans. To them all activities that occur in society have to be followed by religious ritual activities and this was being opposed by the Europeans who felt that a specific day had to be set on the week where everybody would worship God (Achebe 94). The complex rituals were regarded as being primitive by the European missionaries and they felt that through introduction of Christianity they would teach them how to worship only one God. This was considered to be a great crime by the Ibo whom according to their culture thought that the Europeans were trying to disrespect egwugwu who was a representative of the ancestral spirits for the people. One of the warriors in Ibo gets converted and even kills his ancestral spirit leaving the whole clan weeping since according to them a great evil had been done. Those who get converted into Christianity are excommunicated from the Ibo society while others escape death narrowly. Introduction of Christianity would take time since in the Ibo culture religion was granted many responsibilities in the society which Christianity had omitted. Culture was conflicting with the interests of the Christians. For instance, Nneka had given birth to four sets of twins all of which had been abandoned in the evil forest a cultural trait that the missionaries were against. There was strict attention being paid to taboos and rituals and this was not the case with the missionaries who continued to recruit more people into their church including the pregnant woman who was recruited in the 28th day when the villagers expected them to die after clearing the evil forest. Such issues were being rejected by Christianity making it a challenge for people to accept Christianity (Achebe 104). They feared punishment from their personal chi and an end to their genera tion. There exists a very narrow space between an individual and their identity with their ancestors. This is attributed to the fact that they consider their ancestors to be intermediaries between them and their gods. Mr. Kiaga for instance has been recruited to Christianity and is encouraged to recruit more Africans but is afraid that the father can learn of it. The land of the living existed among the individuals and this was a hurdle that the Europeans had to handle first before introduction of Christianity. They were expected to do away with such aspects and this alone created conflict long before they thought of introducing and converting people into Christianity. However all was not fruitless as they succeeded in converting a few Africans with whom they worked with though the society could not accept them as they were regarded as being evil and outcasts. This is because they were not respecting their personal god (chi) and the ancestral spirits (Achebe 105). The ancestral spir its were ordered to punish them. The conflicts began to be widespread with the Christians experiencing the challenge of obtaining land in order to build a church. The outcasts, low ranking men who had no title in the society were among the first individuals to be converted into Christianity.

Ambition to Become a Doctor Essay Example for Free

Ambition to Become a Doctor Essay Everybody has an aim in life. Aim or ambition is the inner desire of man. No man can do anything in the world if his aim is not fixed. So, all of us should be very clear about our aim in life. We may face many difficulties in reaching our desired target, but we have to go ahead at any cost. Ambitiousness is a dynamic make. Desire is your psychical susceptibleness to apply your knowledge, surround, relationships, and personality to accomplish happiness. What is felicity? Compartment that can only be driven by the someone and there are a countywide ranging scenarios and ideals that delimit felicity. We as humans want healthiness. Many dream on being rich, noesis and resplendence among their ambitions, but for me, to deliver humankind through treat is the maximal ambition of all. Aspiration is that desire that pushes us to usefulness at maximum level in the confronting of obstacles or challenges. I have already fixed the aim of my life and I want to be a doctor. A doctor lives a noble life.He is always at the service of suffering people.A sick man looks at him with the only hope of getting cured.The smiling face of a doctor makes the patient cheerful. A good doctor is respected everywhere. If I become a doctor I will be kind to the poor and the needy people. I will not charge any fee from them.Helping the helpless will be my duty and practice. I have studied biology and I will seat for the competitive tests for admission to a good and reputed medical college.I shall try to be a good and sincere student and then a qualified doctor. I will do whatever it takes to be a good doctor and and will be sincere to it. After becoming a successful doctor, I have plans of setting up a clinic in a village. I never had any desire to narrow and to metamorphose as a specialist, a physician, a gynecologist or an ear, search and throat specialiser. To be a intellectual unspecialised practitioner here, in my own base is the end of my imagination and, though not a specialiser in any peculiar area, I shall bang enough to raft with the ordinary ailments of vivification and to play in the ethical specialists formerly if they are required. Although knowing the fact, the income from here would be pretty less, but making money will not be my main aim. Also interpretation all these consequential services, I shall also  acquire the capital of subsistence. I vow that I would be loyal to my duty and will give full respect to my job. Days are not far off, I am trying hard to realize my ambition and I wish this dream of mine would be fulfilled.

Myanmars Challenges Essay -- Burma

State building and the implementation of policy is a central process to the legitimacy of government worldwide. These critical facets of government institutions have been thoroughly challenged throughout Myanmar’s history, a country with an awful human rights record. In this essay I will focus on the last decade in particular, where Myanmar’s state capacity and political institutions have been challenged immeasurably. This essay will focus on the implications that pose a challenge to Myanmar’s state capacity and development. First, I will discuss the military coup d’Ã ©tat, which was followed by military junta heading the Burmese state for several decades. I will then examine the issue of internally displaced people and the resulting ethnic and religious conflict. Lastly, I will investigate the issue of drug trafficking and slave labour in Myanmar. State capacity is an enduring and central process for state autonomy. The state is famously defined by Sociologist Max Weber as the ’human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.’ Therefore, state capacity is the rule of enforcement: ‘the ability of states to plan and execute policies, therefore being able to enforce laws cleanly and transparently.’ The capacity of the state is central to the legitimacy of the state, which can be challenged and measured by a countries internal coherence, stability, collection of tax, and security of the state of the enforcement law. O’Neil continues to say a state is weakly institutionalised if it must exercise force in order to ensure compliance. A military junta has been in power in Myanmar since the coup d’Ã ©tat in 1962, which overthrew the government and opened the ‘Burmese road to Soci... ...: Routledge, 2008. Miller, Rebecca. Human Trafficking in South East Asia. in South East Asian Development Routledge, London, 2008. 126. The National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB) on Media Press on ‘ Saffron Revolution’. Accessed April 5, 2012 http://www.ncgub.net/NCGUB/staticpages/index2fad.html?page=announcements Pedersen, Morten (2008): Burma’s Ethnic Minorities. Critical Asian Studies, 40:1, 45-65. O’Neil, Patrick. Essentials of Comparative Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010. Smith, Martin. State of strife: the dynamics of ethnic conflict in Burma Singapore: Institue for Southeast Asian Studies. 2007. Smith, Martin. Burma's Ethnic Diversity Anti-Slavery International 1994. 35-44. U.S. Department of State "Burma." International Narcotics Control Strategy Report. 2010. Academic OneFile. 5 Apr. 2012. P.170.

A cup of tea please Essay -- Politics, Tea Party, Palin

During the last two years our society are being bombarded with something called Tea Party. According with CBS News/New York Times Poll, only 55% of American citizens have heard not much or none about Tea Party movement. The interpretation of this data says that â€Å"even among those Americans who say they have heard about the Tea Party, four in ten still admit they do not know about what it stands for† (1). Personally I include myself in that group. When I heard this term for the first time, my impression was not exactly a political movement. During the election of 2008, the term Tea Party were mentioned but not on a major scale like during the election of 2010. My curiosity about this movement grew as a result of an invitation my husband received to be a speaker in a Tea Party meeting in our town. Just weeks before the elections they invite him as Republican Chairman to speak about the election process, which were the best candidates and discussing some of our nation issues. Unfortunately, my impression was not the best, with their furrowed brow and seriousness they let me know I was not welcome there. Of course they use all the internal force to pretend, of course I was the wife of speaker. Between here and there of my husband explanations about politics as soon as he finished they start passing papers about immigration. They were discussing the controversial Arizona Law towards immigrants, a law that seems unmerciful, allows the police force to intervene with a person who is suspicious on the mind of the police officer to be illegal immigrant. So that allows to them to intervene with all the Mexicans and possibly or not at all wit h others ethnicities in Arizona State. I can remember how their faces change, happy fac... ... live. They hide their personal opinions and goals under the wing on the Republican Party. If the Tea Party is beneficial or not we will not know the answer for now, time will tell. It is important to be aware of what is going on around us. About the accusations of racism, true or not is something that the group itself will show soon or later with an uncover face. Right now they need a lot to prove concerning this issue. The Tea Party helps to change the history of the election of 2010, so it will be good to see what else this Movement can achieve. Our job as citizens is to look that any group that raise the voice, do it for the right reasons, make the approach without hiding schemes, not hurting others and showing nothing but the truth. In case any group attempt against the values of this country we can rise our voices and make them respect our voice.

Meaning of Life and Action Movie Essay

I’m not a big fan of action movies. What bothers me is not that the protagonist is most often chased throughout the movie, jumping out of (through, onto) moving vehicles, dangling from or climbing the walls, delivering shots or skillfully escaping various projectile weapons. It’s that once the excitement is done, nothing much remains. It gets tired and tiring very quickly, and in the end makes me feel that I would have as good of a time trying to cross a very busy Toronto intersection. It never occurred to me that the reason why the effect of action movies may not be lasting or profound is that very frequently they are not done very well. I just couldn’t imagine what a well-done action movie would be like. Last night I watched Mel Gibson’s Apocalypto, and for the first time felt moved, moved rather deeply, by an action movie. It may seem an unlikely combination, Mel Gibson directing and co-writing a film on a decline of Mayan civilization. But he got something right – not necessarily the details (though the details seem OK according to some experts on Mayan culture) – but the feeling of it. On surface, this is no different than any other action movie – the protagonist is still being chased by the ‘bad guys’, running, climbing, dangling, fighting, leaping. The difference is that the meaning of the action is placed in the context that challenges our own understanding of what it means to survive. Apocalypto is a meditation on fear. It confronts us with the stark reality of having to negotiate our continued presence or potential destruction in a world where the most grotesque cruelty will come not from the world of wild beasts but from the familiar hands of other humans, even those sharing one’s language and culture. In most action movies we feel indiscriminately tense that no harm should come to the one who is chased (we must still have hearts of prey to be so easily identified with the pursued and not the pursuer). In Apocalypto, the protagonist is teaching us how to negotiate fear so that death, if it were to come, is done as well as living. And finally, that running away and running toward may look alike, but are not. Not at all bad for an action flick.

Heres How Schrodingers Cat Works

Heres How Schrodingers Cat Works Erwin Schrodinger was one of the key figures in quantum physics, even before his famous Schrodingers Cat thought experiment. He had created the quantum wave function, which was now the defining equation of motion in the universe, but the problem is that it expressed all motion in the form of a series of probabilities- something which goes in direct violation to how most scientists of the day (and possibly even today) like to believe about how physical reality operates. Schrodinger himself was one such scientist and he came up with the concept of Schrodingers Cat to illustrate the issues with quantum physics. Lets consider the issues, then, and see how Schrodinger sought to illustrate them through analogy. Quantum Indeterminancy The quantum wave function portrays all physical quantities as a series of quantum states along with a probability of a system being in a given state. Consider a single radioactive atom with a half-life of one hour. According to the quantum physics wave function, after one hour the radioactive atom will be in a state where it is both decayed and not-decayed. Once a measurement of the atom is made, the wave function will collapse into one state, but until then, it will remain as a superposition of the two quantum states. This is a key aspect of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics- its not just that the scientist doesnt know which state its in, but its rather that the physical reality is not determined until the act of measurement takes place. In some unknown way, the very act of observation is what solidifies the situation into one state or another. Until that observation takes place, the physical reality is split between all possibilities. On to the Cat Schrodinger extended this by proposing that a hypothetical cat be placed in a hypothetical box. In the box with the cat we would place a vial of poison gas, which would instantly kill the cat. The vial is hooked up to an apparatus which is wired into a Geiger counter, a device used to detect radiation. The aforementioned radioactive atom is placed near the Geiger counter and left there for exactly one hour. If the atom decays, then the Geiger counter will detect the radiation, break the vial, and kill the cat. If the atom does not decay, then the vial will be intact and the cat will be alive. After the one-hour period, the atom is in a state where it is both decayed and not-decayed. However, given how weve constructed the situation, this means that the vial is both broken and not-broken and, ultimately, according to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics the cat is both dead and alive. Interpretations of Schrodingers Cat Stephen Hawking is famously quoted as saying When I hear about Schrodingers cat, I reach for my gun. This represents the thoughts of many physicists, because there are several aspects about the thought experiment that bring up issues. The biggest problem with the analogy is that quantum physics typically only operates on the microscopic scale of atoms and subatomic particles, not on the macroscopic scale of cats and poison vials. The Copenhagen interpretation states that the act of measuring something causes the quantum wave function to collapse. In this analogy, really, the act of measurement takes place by the Geiger counter. There are scores of interactions along the chain of events- it is impossible to isolate the cat or the separate portions of the system so that it is truly quantum mechanical in nature. By the time the cat itself enters the equation, the measurement has already been made ... a thousand times over, measurements have been made- by the atoms of the Geiger counter, the vial-breaking apparatus, the vial, the poison gas, and the cat itself. Even the atoms of the box are making measurements when you consider that if the cat falls over dead, it will come in contact with different atoms than if it paces anxiously around the box. Whether or not the scientist opens the box is irrelevant, the cat is either alive or dead, not a superposition of the two states. Still, in some strict views of the Copenhagen interpretation, it is actually an observation by a conscious entity which is required. This strict form of the interpretation is generally the minority view among physicists today, although there remains some intriguing argument that the collapse of the quantum wavefunctions may be linked to consciousness. (For a more thorough discussion of the role of consciousness in quantum physics, I suggest Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness by Bruce Rosenblum Fred Kuttner.) Still another interpretation is the Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics, which proposes that the situation actually branches off into many worlds. In some of these worlds the cat will be dead upon opening the box, in others the cat will be alive. While fascinating to the public, and certainly to science fiction authors, the Many Worlds Interpretation is also a minority view among physicists, though there is no specific evidence for or against it. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

How to Write a Research Paper on Death Penalty

How to Write a Research Paper on Death Penalty Research Paper on Death Penalty How to start a research paper on death penalty Tips on how to start Making an outline Outline example Thesis statement examples Example of a death penalty research paper introduction How to write body paragraphs for the research paper on death penalty Tips on writing the body of the research paper First paragraph example Second paragraph example Third paragraph example How to write a conclusion of a research paper on death penalty Tips for writing a conclusion Example of a conclusion Revision tips How to start a research paper on death penalty In making a research paper, you should first come up with a topic. The topic should be relatable and informative. In choosing the topic, the author must consider the current events that are happening, the most talked about a topic that the readers would be interested to read. Death penalty is one of the biggest issues that have been revolving in the news for a very long time. Below are the tips on how to start writing your own research paper about the death penalty. Tips on how to start 1. Gather Information A student should first read journals and articles that are related to death penalty to be able to understand the topic well. An author should touch every aspect of the topic so when the writing starts not to state the false truth and to make the research paper or thesis reliable and factual. 2. Familiarize with the topic Familiarization will help an author see different sides of the topic death penalty. He or she can do this by watching videos of debate on death penalty. This way a student will understand the topic better and will be able to write the research paper in an objective manner. It is important to be objective in this kind of topic because the readers will have the freedom to take a side based on truths and evidences and not just based on the subjective point of view of the author. 3. Incorporate laws in the research Death penalty is a very sensitive topic and the information about it should be disseminated to the readers in a manner that is not derogatory to anyone. Reading law articles would be helpful in writing a research paper on this topic. This way the author will be informed of what laws are interconnected and related to death penalty. Making an outline An outline will serve as a guide for a research paper to be written in an organized manner so that the readers will understand it. This will help you organize your thoughts and ideas before writing. It is important to make an outline first before making the research paper to avoid errors and mixed information. The outline should consist of the following points: Thesis statement Supporting Arguments Body of the research paper of thesis Conclusion Outline example Thesis Title Abolish Death Penalty Thesis Statement Death penalty should be abolished because there is no assurance that the justice system is foolproof. It will only make the risks higher for innocent people to be punished in crimes they did not do. Supporting Arguments a) Killing people is inhumane and immoral. b) Death penalty is against human rights and very barbaric. C) The prisoners in the death row can possibly be innocent. Body of the Research Paper List of reasons why death penalty never fit a crime and why it is not morally accepted. Conclusion a) Supporting quote (relate back to intro): â€Å"The fear of death is the fear of life.† b) Restate thesis: Death penalty will not help people find justice; instead, it will only worsen the flaw in our justice system. Above is a sample outline that will guide you and give you an idea on how to make your own research paper. In your actual research paper or thesis, the body of the paragraph should consist of more than four paragraphs while the conclusion can be one long paragraph. Thesis statement examples In order to help you with your research paper, here are some thesis statement examples that will give you an idea of writing your own. The thesis statement is the problem that will be discussed in the entire research paper so if the statement is good the whole paper will be good. Death penalty should be abolished because of there is no assurance that the justice system is foolproof. It will only make the risks higher for innocent people to be punished for crimes they did not do. The approval of death penalty will only bring back the medieval way of punishing people in the most inhumane way. Death penalty is just like giving the politicians the right to murder anyone to settle political scores. Example of a death penalty research paper introduction In each given thesis statement examples above, there is a correspondent example introduction below to show you how to make an introduction. An introduction should always answer the questions why and how, why it should happen and how it would be accomplished. This will also help you come up with your own introduction in your research paper. The abolition of the death penalty should be pushed through so no one will be put into jail and die because of injustice. It will only happen if the government justice system will listen to the peoples cry and if they will consider human acts of punishment. In the medieval times, people were punished to death if they did something that is against the law. If we just continue this inhumane act of our ancestors, we will only prove that we have not evolved and stayed the same. In this present age, people are more open to change; if we continue the traditional punishment it only will show that there is no difference between the medieval people and us. Death penalty is an act that shows how the justice system will legalize a different kind of murder. The politicians who abuse their powers will be delighted to use death penalty as their scapegoat in murdering innocent people that come their way. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on death penalty A body of the paper should contain supporting statements that will make the research paper convincing. Below are some tips on how to write the body of the paragraph. Tips on writing the body of the research paper You should start by writing your main and supporting ideas. The main ideas should always be in the first paragraph and the supporting ideas should be on the next paragraphs so the readers will understand the main topic. Each idea has to be explained and elaborated well for the readers to understand it clearly. You can also provide examples to give clarification to the readers. You should cite legitimate sources in your research paper. In finding supporting statements, you should make sure that you cited from books and journals that are used by lawyers and professionals. This will make your research paper authentic and reliable. If you want, you can also state news and article reviews as evidences of your statements. Conclusion in every paragraph is optional but it can also help the readers summarize the whole research paper. Below is an example of a short body of the paragraph to be your guide in writing your own research paper on death penalty. Thesis statement: Death penalty should be abolished because of its injustice. First paragraph example There is a number of reasons why death penalty never fit a crime. Even if a person did a crime, there is still no valid reason for anyone to sentence him death. The current justice system states that a person who committed the worst crime should be punished based on how worst his crime is. This seems to be completely illogical and contradictory. How can a person be accused of a crime that he did not do anything about? The answer is no one; therefore, the death penalty is not morally accepted. Second paragraph example In terms of morality, those people who receive the death penalty are usually not physically or mentally fit to receive the punishment. Some are suffering from mental disabilities that have caused them commit such crimes. Twelve percent of people who are on the death row are proven mentally retarded making them not fit to the punishment of death. Third paragraph example The electric chair used for killing people who are in the death row has reported to fail and causes multiple attempts of execution before the prison actually die. Even the lethal injection used in modern execution sometimes fails and makes the prisoners execution slower and painful. Things like this prove that there is a serious flaw in the justice system. How to write a conclusion of a research paper on death penalty A conclusion serves as the summary of a research paper. It will also include your stand on the topic, whether you agree or disagree. It is important to include a conclusion in every research paper because it will be the closing paragraph and it indicates the end of the research paper. Tips for writing a conclusion A conclusion should have a brief summary of a body of a research paper. You can use a quotation related to death penalty to capture the attention of your readers until the end. Recall some important points in the body of the research so that the information will be refreshed in the mind of the readers. Compare your topic with other. In this way, you will show the readers that your research paper is broad and universal. Lastly, give recommendations. This will make your conclusion more professional. To complete your guide in writing a research paper on death penalty, below is an example of a conclusion that you can use as to help you write your own conclusion. Example of a conclusion A wise man once said, â€Å"The fear of death is the fear of life.† Death penalty will not help people find justice; instead, it will only worsen the flaw in our justice system. The people who commit crimes should receive punishment but not in the form of death. Their lives should be valued no matter what mistake they have made. They should learn their lesson while in jail but they should never suffer death as a form of payment for their crimes. Revision Tips After submitting your final thesis or research paper your professor/instructor will give advice on how you can improve your research paper. Below are some tips on how you will revise your paper fast and efficiently. List down corrections When your professor gives back your thesis or research paper for the revision you must first check what are the parts that need revision. Once you finish scanning the paper for all the revisions needed you can already start revising. The best technique to make revising fast is to go page by page. When you do this, you can make sure that there is no single word in the research paper that you have not seen. Consider feedback Your professor aims to help you in your research paper so you should consider all his notes and advice in improving your research paper. Accept that your paper is not perfect and the advice that he or she gave you is important and will be so much help. Ask for help When you are having a hard time correcting your own work it is okay to ask someone for help. It may be your classmate, brother, sister, or parents, as long as they are willing and knowledgeable you should always consider their help. Sometimes we cannot see our own mistakes, so having another person check your work and give comments about it will not only improve the research paper it will also give you ideas on how to make it better the next time you make another research paper.

20 Dissertation Topics in Accounting and Finance

20 Dissertation Topics in Accounting and Finance Through the years, there have been great finance and accounting stories from i taking down the mafia to how individual accountants have doubled up as excellent global inventors. Therefore, writing a dissertation on the field of finance and accounting can be considered as a truly rewarding venture since you one can juxtapose technical accounting concepts with fascinating real-life case studies. But to kick-start the writing process, it is important to understand the concept of financial accounting in order to come up with really interesting subjects to discuss. Here, we will endeavor the concepts behind finance and accounting and then provide an outline of dissertation topics in accounting and finance. Finance is the professional concept that covers the raising of funds and how they are invested by a business while accounting focuses on collating enough information that helps business owners and investors make more well-thought-out decisions. 20 Captivating Topics for a Dissertation in Accounting and Finance Exploring the Meaning of Accounting and the Role of Language in Its Formation The Origins of the Terms Finance and Accounting and their Use in Modern Times The Role of Luca Pacioli in Promoting the Field of Financial Accounting Accounting in Ancient Rome and its Role in Shaping Modern Financial Institutions The Role of Financial Accounting in Developing Business Strategies Understanding the Importance of Financial Statements to Corporate Accounting Exploring the Concept of Income Statement and Its Correlation with Financial Statements How the Practice of Societates Publicanorum Set the Foundation for Share Markets The Stock Market Structure and the 1602 Dutch Indian Trade Company Agreement The Accounting Profession and the Need for setting International Standards of Practice The Role of Accounting and Finance in Societal Building Exploring the Different Fields of Financial Accounting and Their Implementation Exploring the Role of Forensic Accounting in Law Enforcement Forensic Accounting, RICO Laws and the 19th Century Criminal Justice System. The Role of Mathematics in Developing Ancient Accounting and Finance Practices The History of the Certification Primary Accounting Exam and Its Role in Building Financial Institutions Finance and Accounting in Ancient Mesopotamia and Its Influence in Modern Times Exploring the Relationship between Financial Accounting and Economic Growth Accounting and Financial Reporting issues for Financial Institutions Accounting Standards and Practices of Financial Institutions in the Western World These are some of the captivating topics we have come up with that can help give you a head start in writing your dissertation in accounting and finance. These 20 dissertation accounting and finance topics are just the tip of the iceberg. To give an example of   how to go about writing a dissertation, a topic from this list will be developed in the paragraphs below. It is also written to serve as a tutorial for writing your dissertation. Sample Essay on the Accounting in Ancient Rome and its Role in Shaping Modern Financial Institutions The question of how financial values and practices have been passed down from generation to generation and its effects on the financial and accounting institutions of the modern world have been a bone of contention among scholars since the 19th century. My dissertation will focus on tracing the parallels between ancient financial accounting practices and modern financial standards and I intend to do this with the use of facts and critical analysis. Although traces of bookkeeping activities were first discovered in Mesopotamia, exact financial and accounting activities became commonplace and the established norm of keeping track of funds and expenditure began officially in Ancient Rome circa 63 BC. These practices were passed down by historians and mathematicians through methods that will be explored in the following paragraphs. Two Roman historians- Suetonius and Cassius Dio- recorded the first real financial accounting procedure in 23 BC. This procedure was accomplished by Emperor Augustus who kept detailed information on the Republic’s financial statement for public use. The Emperor listed the Rome’s sources of income as well as its expenditures in ‘The Deeds of the Divine Augustus’ which set the pace for multiple financial concepts such as; trial balances, financial statement and income statement. This practice of accountability was quickly picked up by the Roman army to account for its expenditure and revenue in other words to help generals and future emperors make informed decisions on matters of war. This, along with, other physical aspects, partly became a reason of the Republic being more efficient than its enemies in waging wars and managing supplies. In 1494, Italy- which traced its origins to the people of Ancient Rome- became the home of Luca Pacioli who has been credited as the father of modern accounting. The mathematician believed in the importance of keeping financial statements to make better decisions and went on to publish the first ever book on financial accounting’ ‘Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita.’ And for the first time, accounting wisdom could easily be passed from one region to another through text which eliminated the limitations of using word of mouth. This act basically ensured that accounting techniques could both be taught across all areas of Europe and the Western world with ease. Consequently, the world first official bank also was established in Siena, one of the Roman cities of old. The Monte de Paschi di Siena was built in 1942 to cater to the financial needs of the city of Siena, and the success of this institution became the benchmark for financial and accounting institutes across the western world. Through the stated examples, one can clearly see the influence of ancient Roman financial practices approximately 2000 years ago and the far-reaching effects these practices had on setting a financial, educational and accounting basis for future generations to come. So here we are at the end of the second tutorial of the dissertation on accounting and finance topics written for your benefit. For further reading, do not hesitate to check these articles containing ten facts for a dissertation on finance and accounting as well as receive tips on writing a dissertation on finance and accounting. References: Accounting and Business Research. Special issue on: â€Å"The Societal Relevance of Management Accounting†. (2012). The British Accounting Review, 44(2), p.130. Ezeudu, M. (2016). Fighting Financial Crime in the Global Economic Crisis. Kings Law Journal, 27(2), pp.279-281. DvoÃ…â„¢kov, D. (2009). Historical Costs versus Fair Value Measurement in Financial Accounting. European Financial and Accounting Journal, pg.6-18. Sunder, S. (2016). Rethinking Financial Reporting: Standards, Norms and Institutions. Foundations and Trends ® in Accounting, 11(1-2), pp.1-118. Ã…  oljakov, L. (2012). Strategic Management Accounting Development during Last 30 Years. European Financial and Accounting Journal, 2012(2), pp.24-35. Pomeranz, F. (1997). The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions: An important regulatory debut. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 6(1), pp.123-130. Zhang, X. and Chen, D. (2013). The Influence of Financial Industry Cluster on Economic Growth: Three Economic Zones in China. Accounting and Finance Research, 2(4).

People Resourcing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

People Resourcing - Coursework Example A contingency plan would have been important for G4S because no matter how well the recruitment was organized and initiated, there were bound to be many variables which can come into play and scupper the process. The contingency plan would have given the company a plan B on all potential disaster scenarios and alternative strategies of how to turn these situations around. When he appeared on Radio 4, Nick Buckles of G4S lacked information regarding details of the recruitment, training and vetting processes. He was not in a position to explain what had gone wrong or confirm a number of issues about the candidates. Communication would have helped to better plan for the whole recruitment process because it was an important contract and controlling the recruitment process can be complex which can benefit from an external perspective. Being an internationally recognized and reputable firm, G4S would have made it a precondition for Wave to ensure that it was involved in the whole process, the reputation of the security firm being at stake. With less than an year and being expected to recruit 8,000 inexperienced staff, the first thing that would need to be done is to ensure have a plan for addressing and managing candidate’s expectations. This will minimize the issue of candidates turning down the offer upon being cleared as successful. G4S faced many such dropouts which affected the recruitment process. In addition, I would address the issue of suitability skills required for the position. The question that many sought answered on the recruited candidates is whether they would speak fluent English, which Buckles could not confirm. Ensuring suitability skills are considered will minimize the issue of having a poor caliber of candidates which will compromise the credibility of the company and the process. Overall, I would ensure that there is a contingency plan to identify issues quickly and speed up the drive to get the perfect candidate

Movie review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Movie review - Essay Example The archival footage and McNamara’s interview highlight the lessons learnt from the wars and provide insights into the international relations and security issues of America. When we saw the movie, we draw some very sound conclusions regarding McNamara’s body language. We see a man admitting his sheer blunders regarding the important political decisions whose repercussions ranged from Vietnam to Japan, causing thousands of deaths and saved the world from annihilation of nuclear war by sheer luck not because of intelligence information. The people would definitely agree that the crimes he committed are completely unforgiving and unforgettable. His decisions regarding life and death are themselves a depiction of painful humility for him as depicted in the documentary. Although McNamara admits that he has been terribly wrong with reference to Vietnam War and could have done more to redirect the decision of president’s office, but he does not say sorry although Morris tried to prompt him. This shows his stubborn and pride in himself. On one side, he seems to be regretful but on the other side; he is justifying the decisions which caused mammoth human loss. The movie comes up with eleven lessons learnt from the life of McNamara. But the one lesson seems to be very inappropriate i.e. in order to do something good, you may have to engage in evil. This statement comes up as the justification from McNamara for his horrendous decisions in the cruise missile conflict, Vietnam and Japan wars but history vehemently reveals that nothing good came out after engaging in the evil in case of McNamara. In the movie, many times it appears that Morris as director is trying to symbolize one life of McNamara to illustrate the other as an active and passive actor of the history where he has participated in the war as a witness and an actor too. Morris has tried to illustrate the

A concert report that discuss the concert I give you Essay

A concert report that discuss the concert I give you - Essay Example Its creation involves the poets writing the stanzas in alternating shifts. The modern poets have manipulated the original renga to come up with the present renga with freedom of line and stanza structures. However, the poem still boasts utmost value between the Japanese and it has become one of the most popular students’ poetry teaching references. Remarkably, the concert was well planned and initiated by the organizers. The performers were on stage just in time to dispel anxiety among the audience who arrived as early as 5 p.m. I specifically loved the glamorous design of the hall – partly reflecting traditionalism and partly reflecting modern life. Probably, the purpose of this form of hall design was to contrast between the times of initiation of the poem (that traces its roots back over 700 years ago) and the present day of conducting and presenting the poem to the modern world by a modern society. Even the sophistication in the types of musical and sound equipment used points to the direction of traditional music on the face modernization. There was a perfect combination of the expansive, etherall veil of Morton Feldman’s final composition. Even the aesthetic contrast could not fail to attain recognition from the eyes of the audience, with specific dates during when the poets composed and or composed poems. A number of musical instruments are available to spice up the concert, to make it more lively and appealing to the ears and eyes. Even though the percussionist found a challenge in simultaneously playing the sounds and navigating between the cognitive creations of outward, immovable, internal and the public spaces of musical satisfaction, he fast gets to the reality of the impossibility of the fact that such simultaneous endeavor may not be practical. However, he managed to achieve a relatively unexpected outcome of sounds and high-toned aggregate of musical zeal and vigor both confluence together in the

Foundations of Criminal Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foundations of Criminal Law - Assignment Example Jail for Sainsbury's IT boss who stole 17 million Nectar Points’. This case talks about James Stevenson who was an IT manager liable of stealing 17 million Necta points was found guilty and jailed for 20 years. According to the United Kingdom Federal Law addressing the concept of theft, it was very right to take that legal action because Mr. Stevenson served the IT Company with self-centeredness, where he never minded about the firm or the involved parties. The UK Federal Law clearly states that nobody should serve personal interest or engage in some form of corruption when working in a public office, company or private sectors. In this case, justice was acquired to the firm and the involved parties because Stevenson deserved the sentence. The court found him guilty of having stolen the IT Company’s money by serving his own interest. The legal issue here is that Stevenson had stolen millions of Necta Points that belonged to the Company and the fact that he was jailed se rved him right. The father of two, of Muswell Hill, north London, confessed employing some of the money to buy ?8, 120 – worth of products from the store. However, after calculations were carried out with all the evidences analysed keenly, Mr. Stevenson was found guilty and that was a fare judgment particularly when examined from the sentence point of view. The UK Fraud Law was keenly observed and justice done to the firm. The identification of this case by this article is accurate, clear and complete in the sense that it explains all concepts openly and clearly in a way that one can understand well. Policeman stole ?70,000 in banks fraud to fund affair with fellow officer... but walks free from court’ (Daily Mail On-Line 22 February 2012) This case involves a police officer who financed an extramarital affair using fraudulently raking in ?70, 000 in bank loans. After the judged heard his cases keenly, he branded him as emotionally fragile and the man just walked free from the court. PC Jamie Hillman who is 37 swindled more than 6 different high street banks, engrossing Northern Rock and Barclays, through application for loans and credit cards (McQueeeney, 2012). According to me, this judgment was wrong in the sense that what Hillman was doing is totally stealing from banks. This is because the legal issue outlined is theft because taking a person’s property or item without his or her knowledge is stealing. It does not matter who he served or how he used the money but the bottom line is that he was stealing. According to the United Kingdom Fraud law, any form of stealing from a business individual or organization demands that the individual involved be jailed because that is against the law. The fact that Hillman used false claims at the application of these loans including an open lie that he was a sergeant in the Metropolitan Police and even that he was a soldier serving in Afghanistan, makes him guilty and he deserved to be jailed (McQu eeeney, 2012). Despite the fact that he might have used the money to finance ‘double life’, he used a certain portion of it to serve his own interest what makes it clear stealing intentions. Therefore, this judgment was not right because the banks from which he stole never received justice they deserved. The legal issue, which is theft, was not attended to. Moreover, the judge sent him to prison for 12 months; if indeed he was

Examples of Administrative Behavior that Raise Questions about Assignment

Examples of Administrative Behavior that Raise Questions about Organizational Ethics - Assignment Example ‘A story on the outside business,’ is a video demonstrating how some employees use government time and property to pursue their own businesses. This is not allowed by the law, and it is also ethically wrong. There are two things in this issue. Going against the law and going against the code of ethics. Going against the law is wrong, and it is also not morally correct to use government property and time to pursue personal businesses. The woman in the video is shown using government phone, computer, and time to make calls to an outside individual about a property that was on sale. She expects to get a commission from the business deal. There are ethical codes that guide public service behavior. Such areas provided by specific organizations in which an employee works, the government, and the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). In this case, reference will be made to guidance as provided by ASPA and the government. ASPA indicates that it has the responsibility to develop a responsible professionalism spirit among public service workers and sectors. It also affirms that it has the responsibility to increase awareness and commitment to ethical standards and principles among public service workers. The society, therefore, provides codes of ethics to guide behavior in the public service. ASPA code of ethics number 1 requires advancement of public interest. An employee is expected to put public service above service to oneself. This code was violated by the employee who took her office time to make outside deals (ASPA, 2013). Â  Other codes that were violated by the employee according to ASPA are; ethical code number 6 which requires demonstration of personal integrity, and code number 8 which requires promotion of professional excellence. According to number six, the employee is expected to adhere to certain standards of conduct that will inspire public trust and confidence in the organization. Sh e did not do that. Number eight required her to act ethically and competently; she also failed to do that (ASPA, 2013).

Managing People-Exam Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing People-Exam Questions - Essay Example More specifically, in small businesses; like that of Specialist Computers, the employee satisfaction is an important factor because if the employees do not feel catered or motivated they would prefer to switch or quit their job. And losing employees is a big issue for an organization that is operating in a small scale. The processes or theories of motivation can be divided into two main categories. By applying these two theories, employees can be persuaded to work effectively which would be beneficial for the company (Oppapers, 2008): The content theories define and argue that the employee or an organization possesses the same needs and feelings. It emphasizes on the factors that motivate an employee. The content theories basically and more specifically deal with the individual needs and aspirations of an employee. By gaining sight and understanding of one’s needs, it becomes easy for the managers or authorities to make the work place environment a better place for their co-workers and for the employees of the company. In 1943, Maslow represented his theory of needs. According to him, it is important to identify the needs of an employee one by one, and not collectively. It means that one should try to overcome the needs one by one because when one level of need is acquired then it will no longer remain a need but will become a motivation for the employees to work. As soon as one need or level of need is managed than it is important to look for another so that it can be satisfied. For him, the level of need varies from physiological to self actualization. If we analyze his theory, the facts that come before us would be the needs that are preferred less, like the thirst or hunger should be dealt first because when these needs are fulfilled then the bigger issue will be easy to handle (Beck, 2003). The theories of both, Aldefer and Maslow are considered to be the best among all the presented for the organizational behavioral. As these belong to

The Safety of Recovery Personnel and Rescue Workers Essay

The Safety of Recovery Personnel and Rescue Workers - Essay Example Such feedbacks must be forwarded and processed by the appropriate supervisors and personnel who are in charge of monitoring end results (SLAC 2009). A worksite analysis must be done and should be the preliminary step in determining what jobs and workstations are the impending sources of the problems. In the worksite analysis, exposures, problem tasks, and risks are evaluated and identified (Herman et al 1998). A valuable worksite analysis is comprised of all the jobs and work activities needed in the whole operation. As an industrial hygienist, I would personally recommend adequate inspection, research, and examination on how a certain physical or chemical hazard at the job site can affect the workers’ health before actually letting them enter the work zone; since this is part and parcel of the worksite analysis phase. The result of which will be given appropriate remedial or corrective action (Herman et al 1998). The recognition and control of hazards is relative to the utilization of environmental monitoring and methodical appraisal of hazards in order to detect the range of risks they pose that pertains to the employment of engineering and work practice controls along with other methods to contain any potential hazards, which workers may be exposed to (Herman et al 1998). The appraisal and identification of work hazards including traumas and tensions which are grounds for sickness, impaired health and creates a certain degree of discomfort to workers by way of having contact with chemicals, physical, ergonomic and biological factors is done essentially to recognize said potential conditions and eradicate or manage them through the application of any suitable corrective measures (Herman et al 1998). To decrease the adverse health hazards which employees or workers are exposed to, engineering controls must be modified and put into operation.

Managing People-Exam Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing People-Exam Questions - Essay Example More specifically, in small businesses; like that of Specialist Computers, the employee satisfaction is an important factor because if the employees do not feel catered or motivated they would prefer to switch or quit their job. And losing employees is a big issue for an organization that is operating in a small scale. The processes or theories of motivation can be divided into two main categories. By applying these two theories, employees can be persuaded to work effectively which would be beneficial for the company (Oppapers, 2008): The content theories define and argue that the employee or an organization possesses the same needs and feelings. It emphasizes on the factors that motivate an employee. The content theories basically and more specifically deal with the individual needs and aspirations of an employee. By gaining sight and understanding of one’s needs, it becomes easy for the managers or authorities to make the work place environment a better place for their co-workers and for the employees of the company. In 1943, Maslow represented his theory of needs. According to him, it is important to identify the needs of an employee one by one, and not collectively. It means that one should try to overcome the needs one by one because when one level of need is acquired then it will no longer remain a need but will become a motivation for the employees to work. As soon as one need or level of need is managed than it is important to look for another so that it can be satisfied. For him, the level of need varies from physiological to self actualization. If we analyze his theory, the facts that come before us would be the needs that are preferred less, like the thirst or hunger should be dealt first because when these needs are fulfilled then the bigger issue will be easy to handle (Beck, 2003). The theories of both, Aldefer and Maslow are considered to be the best among all the presented for the organizational behavioral. As these belong to

An American novelist Essay Example for Free

An American novelist Essay An American novelist, historian, and literary historian-that was Alfred Bertram Guthrie, Jr. Having shown an excellent writing style and due to his love of Montana he went on to win the Pulitzer Prize for his fiction The Way West in 1959. This book mainly talks about Dick Summer’s return to the Wild West to guide some settlers on the hard journey to Oregon through a dangerous trail (Joseph, Guthrie, Peter, 1959, 18). A. B. Guthrie wrote with a unique sense of style, skill, artful simplicity and eloquent sentiment and these are all apparent in the opening, the discovering, the settling, the emergent and the exploiting of the American West. At the point in his life when he was merely a university graduate in journalism, he pioneered the hard knowledge that has helped young novelists ascend to greater heights. Guthrie gave much of himself and his time to advise young writers just as Professor Theodore Morrison, his mentor, did for him. Guthrie’s ability to pay attention to historical accuracy, his love of nature, an unfailing ear for dialect and realistic dialogue and the skill to create unforgettable characters that readers easily adapt to care about are the traits that set him aside from other writers. The distinctiveness of his ability to frame vivid, tightly compressed scenes in which those characters intermingle is pure intellect (Joseph, Guthrie, Peter, 1959, p. 31). In defining the American experience, Guthrie’s The Big Sky is a big aid in attempting to understand the conflict during this time. It provides descriptive evidence of the attitude of pioneers, the readiness of the pioneers, the empathy for the land that fur-trappers and backwoodsmen had during that time and how all the diverse people merged to form a nation. Guthrie’s most outstanding accomplishment is demonstrated in his ability to affirm the range, complexity, and the intensity of the colonization of the Missouri and Columbia drainage basins by real people which was his large subject (Joseph, Guthrie, Peter, 1959, p. 45) . Work Cited Joseph Howard, A. B. Guthrie Peter Hurd. Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome. Yale University Press, 1959, 18, 31, 45

Ethical Issues for Community Treatment Orders

Ethical Issues for Community Treatment Orders Ekta Patel Community Treatment Orders refer to a legal order in which patients must accept medical care such as therapy, rehabilitations, management or coping classes, counselling or other health services while living in the public. The Community Treatment Order (CTO) accounts to serve patients with psychiatric treatment plans that are essentially established by the patients psychiatric health provider. The CTO requires patients to comply with all conditions and terms of the order, hence, if not followed, they would be directed to a psychiatric health facility where essential care and treatment would be initiated. CTO can be prepared for any time period for up to twelve months. This means that patients may have to comply with CTOs for more than just one sequential time. Section 7 on the Canadian Charter Rights of Freedom, under the Mental Health Legislation, it states that life, liberty and security of all citizens are fundamental principles of justice. Notwithstanding, ethical concerns arise because these rights of people are jeopardized with the forceful commitment and acceptance that psychiatric patients have to conform to when CTOs come to play. There have been ethical controversies associated with the implementation of CTOs along with other forms of outpatient treatment regulations. The debate on the suitable mandatory care in the community reflects the unstable political, philosophical, and medical concerns. With the involuntary Community Treatment Orders options, it is said to force treatment amongst individuals seeking care, hence taking away their rights of having a choice. In short, CTOs place patient autonomy at risk. The debate argues that this forceful treatment takes away the right of individuals to refuse treatment for a psychiatric illness. This argument of limiting freedom amongst individuals with disturbances is not recent; it has been a targeted issue since the 1960s through the 1970s. During the 1960s and 1970s the debate largely focused on the quarrel of involuntary inpatient treatment and care. However, at present, the debate focuses on community based treatment, arguing that CTOs serve to stop involuntary medical attention. With the implementation of CTOs, are several associated arguments. Firstly, CTO being involuntary, it breaks the norm of never forcing treatment amongst individuals. CTO aggravates forceful actions into the community. The implementation of CTO intensifies the struggle of defending patient rights within the community, thus neglecting other possible services that could be far more optimal in treating patients. Thirdly, we all know that the overflow of inpatients and wait-times in health care facilities have become a prime concern, and with the execution of CTOs, hospitals will be far more packed with non-adherent patients. Consequently, this reinforces long wait-times in Emergency Departments and causes in-patient beds to be occupied more frequently, therefore delaying and interrupting the quality of health services and care for other patients. From the perspective of psychic, Uri Geller, come people are deprived of their liberties in the attempt to give them psychiatric care. Occasionally, others are deprived of psychiatric care in the attempt to guard their liberties. Supporters of CTOs argue that when people with psychological disturbances are given liberty, they could potentially become marginalized from getting crucial treatment required to benefit their health. Though this idea to some extent is accurate, there is a much riskier adverse effect associated with it. This is because, when patients are involuntarily treated for the specified amount of time chosen by psychiatrics, patients are required to take regular doses of antipsychotic medications. As a result of this, it can lead to severe long-term or short-term harmful side effects. Community Treatment Orders have illustrated to reduce the number of victimized patients of abuse. CTO is a form of epistemic violence, because it involves ignoring individuals perspective, while declaring they are too sick to have a say. The implementation of CTOs is significantly increasing, but it is argued that the result of CTOs does not validate the constraints that are compiled on a patients autonomy. Reason being, although coerce CTOs make the public feel secure and safe, it violates those, who are suffering from psychiatric imbalances. This is because, they are not given the liberty and the right to choose what type of treatment and care they would like to seek and are discriminated against. According to a randomized controlled trial, it was found that the number of patients readmitted did not differ as much between patients. Hence, it can be concluded that compulsory orders do not reduce the rate of hospital re-admission of psychiatric consumers. There is limited evidence that proves that compulsory community treatments, including CTOs have achieved its medical goals, which was to decrease re-hospitalisation and increase attention towards medication and medical services.ÂÂ   Instead, to improve community-based psychiatric services, psychiatrics or other medical specialists could arrange for regular patient testing, for example, frequent urine, and blood. This can help specialists to have adequate patient information, allowing them to precisely determine optimal treatment plans. References Andrew, M., John, D., Julia, S., Jorun, R., Ksenija, Y., Maria, M., Merryn, V., Stefan, P., Tom, B. (2013). Community treatment orders for patients with psychosis (OCTET): a randomised controlled trial, Article, Volume 381, Page 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(13)60107-5.pdf Brenda A. L.,ÂÂ   Geoffrey., R., Robert, M.ÂÂ   (Eds.). (2013).ÂÂ   Mad Matters. Toronto, Ontario: Candian Scholars Press Inc. Canadian Civil Liberties Association. (2015). Talking About Community Treatment Orders and Discrimination. Retrieved from https://ccla.org/talking-about-community-treatment-orders-and-discrimination/ Dreezer, S., Bay, M., Hoff, D., Microlog (2007). Dreezer Dreezer Inc., Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Ebrary CEL York University, Report on the legislated review of community treatment orders, required under section 33.9 of the Mental Health Act. [Toronto, Ont.]: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Hutt, L., La Forest, G. V., Lahey, W. (2013) Independent Panel to Review the Involuntary Psychiatric Treatment Act and Community Treatment Orders. Department of Health and Wellness, Canadian Electronic Library (Firm), Ebrary CEL York University. Report of the Independent Panel to Review the Involuntary Psychiatric Treatment Act and Community Treatment Orders. Department of Health and Wellness Office of the Chief Psychiatrist. (2001). Community Treatment Orders A Review (PDF File). Retrieved from http://www.health.wa.gov.au/mhareview/resources/documents/A_Review_of_CTOs_T_Rolfe.pdf R.A. Malatest Associates., Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care., Canadian Electronic Library (Firm). (2012). The legislated review of community treatment orders: Final report. Victoria, B.C.: R.A. Malatest Associates Ltd.. Richard O. (2004). Why Are Community Treatment Orders Controversial. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry- In Review, Volume 49 (9), Pages 1-6. https://ww1.cpa-apc.org/Publications/Archives/CJP/2004/september/oreilly.pdf Ronan, M. The Community Treatment Order: Clinical and Ethical Issues. (1998). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 32, Pages 223-228. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/00048679809062732 Steve, K., Katherine, H. (2014). An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Evidence for the Effectiveness of Community Treatment Orders. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Pages 1-4 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/070674371405901010

Free Essays - The role of Antonio in Shakespeares Tempest :: Tempest essays

The role of Antonio in Shakespeare's Tempest          [Note: In this written work Antonio thinks of himself as an innocent person and believes that the world is doing wrong to him .He also believes that his rights have been snatched from him and no one in this world is more miserable and sympathy deserving than him.]       Life is so miserable. Here I sit in a corner of this darkened room all alone thinking about my past and trying to figure out what to do with my futile life .The night is dark and long just like the rest of my life. But it is not too late, as long as I am living I will struggle to get what I deserve. Life has become very upsetting lately and I miss the times when I was the highest authority and the sole Duke on Milan. Now things have changed and I sit here in my room helpless, with nothing in my hand, no charge or position in Milan. What a glory I have experienced, guards on my security at all times, wo castles with several maids at my service, I worked with people I liked and got rid of the useless ones. I was the master and everyone else a slave, my orders were fulfilled in no time and I lived a happy life. If only I had planned more carefully and kept track of my men putting my brother to eternal sleep I would have been living a pleasant life of a duke; I would never ha ve been hopeless to Prospero's powers.       Ugh... I hear Prospero's insulting words in my ears. How could I have possibly heard those insulting words from him at the island when he snatched my dukedom from me? At that time my life was in his hands.   Looking at him now sitting at the place where I have ruled for 12 years is an unbearable sight to me. What is my future? ...A slave for Prospero? No! I will not let this happen. Prospero is taking revenge from me, he treats me like I am nothing .He doesn't miss any chance of teasing me. He did the worst to me today.

New England: A Matter Of Perspective Essay -- essays research papers

New England: A Matter of Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Smith's A Description of New England and William Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation both present a picture of the same pre-colonial land of New England. Mr. Smith's writing, out of necessity, painted a rosy picture of the new land, while Bradford's historical account shows early New England was not Heaven on Earth. Mr. Bradford and Mr. Smith are writing about one land, but they present two different accounts of the life in the land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Smith's writing is his ideal vision of what the new land could be with the best of people colonizing the new land. John Smith's fine piece of literature may also be considered a beautifully worded, finely tuned piece of propaganda. Mr. Smith wrote this selection to influence people to leave their lives in England and cross the globe to start a new life in a strange land. John Smith described a a land where little work was needed, and riches could be easily acquired. A man with little fishing ability could catch one hundred, two hundred, or three hundred fish a day. He tells of animals perfect for hunting that give plenty of food to live on, and rich furs that could be traded for money. Mr. Smith declares the land free, so anyone could come to the New World and accumulate great wealth. John Smith envisioned a land where all men would live in peace and harmony, a vision that would not be fulfilled in New England or any of the New World.  ...

A Defense of an Uncensored Worldwide Web

The fight for an uncensored worldwide web is, of course, characterized with conflicting principles and values.Although this can be resolved by the courts and other government agencies, there is no doubt that such resolution would not in any way mitigate or stop the struggle. It should be noted that values are not deterministic (behaving in pattern) or located in single set of arguments. They are defined by intensity and of course necessity. There are people who want to abolish the internet in some countries (the president and the imam of Iran for example). There are those who want to regulate the internet; that is, setting up limitations on internet access.And there are those who view the internet as an avenue for articulation (creativity); where intellectual, emotional, and psychological growth could be achieved.One of the most known cases involving the unlimited access to the internet occurred in the Alameda County on January 14, 1999.[1] The county court dismissed a lawsuit that s eeks to require the Livermore Library to censor the use of internet at the library. It was the second time that the request had been denied by the court.The plaintiff argued that the unlimited internet access at the library â€Å"constituted a public nuisance.† [2] She also argued that she had a constitutional right to force the library to discontinue its open access policy. The American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California though in a statement argued that such demonizing of the library also constitutes public nuisance.Not only that the civil liberty to inform was affected, but also the â€Å"right of the public to be informed† (the policy rests on the First Amendment values). [3] The same organization also noted that the internet use at the Livermore Public Library informed its patrons over its material content, and that the primary responsibility of supervising the use of internet for children belongs solely to their parents.The same organization noted that â€Å"it enables each family to be sure that its children use the Internet in a manner that is consistent with its own values without imposing those values on other families.†[4] After all the arguments and evidences had been examined, the court decided in favor of the defendant (Livermore Library); that is, for unlimited internet access.Here what one sees is a conflict of values: 1) individual freedom vs. order, 2) right to be informed vs. right to be protected from obscene materials, and 3) individual happiness vs. freedom of conscience. Such conflicts though should not be viewed with rigidity. They are conflicts that cannot be reconciled or settled. In this paper, we shall present evidences and arguments that favorably seeks unlimited internet access; that is, a defense of an uncensored worldwide web. The first part begins with a staunch defense from a normative view, that is, hedonism.[1] Court Upholds Livermore Library’s Uncensored Internet Access Policy. (Califor nia: ACLU of Northern California, January 14, 1999). URL http://www.aclunc.org/news/press_releases court_upholds_livermore_library's_uncensored_internet_access_policy.shtml. Retrieved October 1, 2007.  [2] Ibid [3] Ibid [4] Court Upholds Livermore Library’s Uncensored Internet Access Policy. (California: ACLU of Northern California, January 14, 1999). URL http://www.aclunc.org/news/press_releases/court_upholds_livermore_library's_uncensored_internet_access_policy.shtml. Retrieved October 1, 2007.   

Queer Theories African American Homosexual

Trapped: The Dilemma of the African American Homosexual Colin Chastain April 1, 2013 Dr. Wayne Brekhus Sociology 3300: Queer Theories Introduction When someone hears the word â€Å"gay† or â€Å"queer†, they most often think of the middle class, Caucasian gay male. For my research proposal, I plan on studying what is very often overlooked in queer identity: the struggle of queer identity in the African American gay male. I am interested in studying this because I grew up knowing I was gay in a small, middle class town in rural America.I wish to argue how gay African Americans are restricted by Black stereotypes, gay stereotypes, acceptance with stipulations in the gay community and black community, racism in the gay community, homophobia in the Black community, perceptions of blackness and masculinity attitudes toward homosexuality and their effect on gay Black men living openly, homosexuality and religion (the black church), and media perceptions of Black homosexuality . The majority of the black community stated they wished to live restriction free lives. They are not able to fully be themselves in their daily lives and often have to assimilate to be accepted.While much research has been conducted on white gay males, there is very little study on African Americans who identify with the queer identity. African Americans already have to struggle with the racism and stereotypes of being â€Å"black† as an extremely masculinized and heterosexual environment while struggling with the internal conflict of being gay, which makes their experience unique. â€Å"Because African? Americans have already encountered a very traumatic experience with oppression, one could safely assume that African? Americans would be more sensitive to socially oppressive practices such as being gay so most decide to conceal it.Sadly, African? American homosexual males are largely viewed by Black heterosexuals as: not really Black, deviant, a disgrace, an embarrassment and, worse yet, an agent of genocide aimed against their own race† (Alexander, 2004: 76, 78). Racism within the Gay Community It is sad to see that racism is still prevalent even within the gay community; a community that is oppressed almost as much as African Americans. The relationship between the gay community and Black community has been one of association and disassociation. The gay community throughout history has likened their struggle to that of Blacks in America.The Black community has had little interaction with the gay community and has attempted to distance itself from being compared to the gay community. Keith Boykin, author of One More River to Cross, often speaks to the dissensions between the Gay community and the Black community. He analyzes both the gay community and Black community’s relationship to each other and gay Black men. Boykin states, â€Å"The dirty little secret about the homosexual population is that white gay people are just as racist as white straight people† (Boykin, 1996: 234). To be â€Å"gay† has taken on a white face as well as white experiences† (Boykin, 1996: 235).Homophobia within the Black Community One thing I never realized is how many African Americans feel they have to choose between â€Å"being Black† or â€Å"being gay† based on homophobic pressures within the Black community. In her book, The Truth that Never Hurts, Smith dedicates a chapter specifically to this issue. . Smith states, â€Å"The underlying assumption is that I should prioritize one of my identities because one of them is actually more important than the rest or that I must arbitrarily choose one of them over the others for the sake of acceptance in one particular community† (Smith, 1998; 125-132).This is an issue gay Black men face as they have â€Å"loyalties† to each of their respective communities. Smith acknowledges the double consciousness that many gay Black men face in choosing b etween the gay community and the Black community. In my experience, being a Caucasian gay male, I never had to go through this since being gay, like Boykin states, has taken on a white face as the most researched and highlighted community of gay men. Gay Black Men and Issues of Masculinity and Homosexuality Afrocentricity: a mode of thought and action in which the centrality of African interests, values, and perspectives predominant.In terms of action and behavior, it is a devotion to the idea that what is in the best interest of African consciousness is at the heart of ethical behavior (Asante, 1998; 2). It seeks to highlight the idea that to be black is to be against all forms of oppression, racism, classism, homophobia, patriarchy, child abuse, pedophilia, and white racial domination. According to Asante, one cannot be afrocentric and gay. With this being said, afrocentrism recognizes homophobia’s existence, but cannot condone homosexuality to be accepted as good to furthe r the national development of a strong people.This is what most Black men struggle with yet again. To choose to embrace their black heritage and furthering an oppressed race over embracing their sexuality. It’s almost as if Black men are â€Å"trapped† between conflicting interests of different communities. Perceptions of Homosexuality leading to Risky, Dangerous, and Rash Behaviors Studies have also been conducted which look at the Black gay community and riskier sexual behavior leading to AIDS. Previous research has shown a link between riskier sexual behavior and beliefs regarding homosexuality in the Black community (Peterson, 1992).This link this creates an added barrier for Black gays when compared to white gays. Previous research has also shown that gay Blacks do not seek refuge primarily within the LGBT community and tend to be less involved than gay whites (Stokes, 1996). In fact, as Lewis points out in his study, gay Blacks experience racism in interactions w ith white gays (Battle, 2002). Attitudinal differences are important to understand as we attempt to uncover those obstacles gay Black men view as restricting their life chances. Self? estructive behaviors directly related to a negative self-concept are also the result of internalizing heterosexual ideology. High incidence of substance abuse, increasing rates of suicide, and risky sexual behaviors are the most common self? destructive behaviors exhibited by homosexuals. This is even more prevalent among Black gay men because the way they perceive themselves correlates to W. E. B. DuBois double consciousness. Gay Black men research often feel torn between the gay community, the Black community, and being a man in society.Having to combat stereotypes makes it difficult for these gay Black men to find a home in either community (Alexander, 2004). Acceptance with Stipulations in the Gay Community and Black Community While gay Black men did feel accepted at times within the gay community and the Black community†¦ that acceptance often came with a stipulation. Stipulations in the gay community were assimilation and/or sexual interest. The participants stated that if they demonstrated traits that were similar to the white community, they were often accepted into the community without any problems.Some participants even stated that they felt more accepted in the gay community when they muted their â€Å"Blackness. † The participants also stated that if the whites had an interest in gay Black men, then they also were accepted into the community. Stipulations in the Black community were usually silence (vocally and visibly) and explanations of what it means to be homosexual. Black gays often felt that they were accepted into the Black community as long as they did not speak about their lifestyle or demonstrate their lifestyle (i. e. holding hands with another man, kissing another man, being flamboyant or effeminate, etc. . Many Black gays claim to feel accept ed in the Black community once they get a chance to talk to a Black individual one on one to show them that not all gay people are what the media has portrayed. Ultimately, Black gays, like many gays, have to act â€Å"straight† and not reveal any inclination that they were homosexual. Homosexuality and Religion (The Black Church) The understanding of homosexuality within the realm of religion is also important to consider because religion has been a primary aspect of Black liberation for centuries.Homosexuality remains a major taboo in religious talk which has prompted many researchers to analyze why homophobic attitudes exist. In Delroy Constantine-Simms text, The Greatest Taboo: Homosexuality in Black Communities, the question is asked whether or not homosexuality is the greatest taboo? Constantine-Simms, E. Patrick Johnson, and Horace Griffin all provide articles that analyze the relationship between homosexuality and religion (specifically the Black church). All authors agree that the bible has been co-opted by the religious right wings placing a greater emphasis on separation rather than integration.The authors all compare the homophobia that revolves around religion to the racism and sexism that still today clouds religion. Constantine-Simms states, â€Å"With the interpretive grid provided by a critique of domination, we are able to filter out the sexism, patriarchalism, violence, and homophobia that are very much a part of the Bible, thus liberating it to reveal to us in fresh ways the in breaking, in our time, of God’s domination-free order† (Constantine-Simms, 2000: 87).In Keith Boykin’s book One More River to Cross, he speaks of several ministers he’s interviewed regarding homosexuality and religion. The majority of reverends interviewed agreed that homosexuality is a sin often quoting the Bible to reinforce their opinion. Boykin highlights one reverend in particular who has targeted the gay community as sinners. Boykin cites the Reverend James Sykes as one of best known opponents of homosexuality in the Black church. Boykin quotes Sykes defending a Klu Klux Klan meeting, â€Å"If I like pork chops and the Klan likes pork chops, nobody has nothing to say.But because the Klan agrees that homosexuality is wrong, and I agree that homosexuality is wrong, then all the sudden I’m sleeping with the Klan† (Boykin, 1996: 127-128). This attitude toward homosexuality is appalling considering Sykes is the pastor of a four hundred plus member church. Boykin, along with several other scholars, assert that the language of religion has been corrupted by right wing moralists who want nothing more than to eradicate homosexuality from the church. Media Perceptions of Black Homosexuality Images of Black homosexuality have been predominately negative in popular culture today.Across the board all individuals who have researched this topic agree that gay Black men are represented negatively in popula r culture. Gay Black men have been portrayed as void of masculinity, hyper-sexual, sassy, and flamboyant. Marlon T. Riggs, author of Black Macho Revisited: Reflections of a Snap! Queen, discusses his anger towards the straight men of the Black community. Riggs states that he expected the obstacles in life from the White community because of his race, but never expected obstacles from his own brothers regarding his sexuality.Riggs believes that they should understand what it is like to be oppressed, and therefore should reject any notion of oppression since they have to face a form of it every day as well. Riggs cites several Black men who have done nothing but participate in the degradation of the gay Black male. His best example lies in a comedy show that used to air entitled In Living Color, in which two straight Black men portrayed gay Black men to review movies from a â€Å"man’s point of view. † Riggs also brings the discussion up again regarding the ‘trapâ €  of being gay and Black. I am a Negro Faggot, if I believe what movies, TV, and rap music say of me. Because of my sexuality, I cannot be Black. A strong, proud, â€Å"Afrocentric† Black man is resolutely heterosexual, not even bisexual. † (Riggs, 1991: 389-394) Various video productions have been produced that attempt to acknowledge the difficulties of being both gay and Black. Films such as Tongues Untied intimately deconstruct the experience of the gay Black male. Tongues Untied is directed and produced by Marlon Riggs.The film addresses the struggle gay Black men face silenced and torn between both the gay and Black communities. Riggs video encapsulates the pain, fear, and hatred gay Black men deal with negotiating their identities within a community that does not recognize their race and a community that rejects their sexuality. The film presents a positive message for gay Black men to love not only themselves but their Black brethren. Tongues Untied presents the best visual representation of what it means to be Black and gay in America.Current media is attempting to expand cultural stereotypes. While some of those negative stereotypes that have been reinforced by popular media still exist, these new forms are seeking to eliminate those past stereotypes and show the world that there isn’t just one image of the African American gay man. Attitudes toward Homosexuality and their effect on Gay Black Men Living Openly White and Black attitudes toward homosexuality have directly affected gay Black men to a greater degree than gay White men. Previous studies have yielded an array of mixed results.Levitt and Klassen (1974) found in their research that whites significantly maintain more negative attitudes toward homosexuality than Blacks. Years later Hudson and Ricketts (1980) and Schneider and Lewis (1984) found the opposite. The most common results regarding Blacks and whites and their attitudes toward homosexuality displayed that Blacks were more likely to support anti-discrimination laws but Whites were typically more accepting of the homosexual lifestyle. Gregory Lewis (2003) conducted research that measures Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights.His article uses responses from almost seven thousand Blacks and forty-three thousand whites in 31 surveys conducted since 1973 to give more definitive answers on Black-white attitudinal differences and their demographic roots. Lewis’s findings correlate with the research of the past displaying Blacks as â€Å"percentage points more likely than whites to condemn homosexual relations as â€Å"always wrong† and percentage points more likely to see them warranting â€Å"God’s punishment† in the form of AIDS, but no more like to favor criminalizing gay sex† (Lewis, 2003: 63).Lewis also found that while Black’s attitudes regarding homosexuality were predominantly negative; Blacks are percentage point s more likely than whites to support laws prohibiting antigay job discrimination. Difference in attitudes matter because as Lewis states, â€Å"First, Black lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) may rely on same-race heterosexuals for acceptance even more than white LGBs do (Icard, 1986)† (Lewis, 2003: 61). Those same researchers concluded that Blacks attracted to their own gender often experience more pressure than whites to hide their homosexual behavior, have children, or marry (Icard, 1986).This fear of â€Å"coming out† represents a problem within the gay Black community and they become trapped which prevents them from living the lives they feel they ought to be living. Conclusion The Black gay male struggle certainly is a rough one. Compared to my experiences with homosexuality, it seems that Black gay males have much more pressure on them to conform to the heterosexual social sanctions of society, their own black community, and racism. I can definitely relate to the substance abuse and acting straight (such as pushing the thoughts out of my mind).The way society views all homosexuality needs to change, and is slowly changing. Black gay males should be paid a little more attention to in the media, research, and other forms of communication so that the weight of these pressures may be lifted off of their shoulder. Even other minorities such as Hispanic, Asian, or Indian should be more looked upon to open the nation’s eyes to the diversity and struggle of all homosexuals, not just the white gay male. With this being said, I feel we are taking great strides with the LGBTQ community to further the goal to include all who are struggling.We just need to find a way to eliminate any prejudices that make it even harder for Black gay males or any ethnicity/orientation to find happiness and acceptance. Works Cited Alexander, William H. (2004) â€Å"Homosexual and Racial Identity Conflicts and Depression Among African? American Gay Males,â₠¬  Trotter Review: Vol. 16: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: http://scholarworks. umb. edu/trotter_review/vol16/iss1/8 Bailey, Robert W. (1999) Gay Politics, Urban Politics: Identity and Economics in the Urban Setting. Chichester – West Sussex, New York: Columbia University Press.Boykin, Keith (1996). One More River to Cross. Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Anchor Books. Constantine-Simms, Delroy. , ed. The Greatest Taboo: Homosexuality in Black Communities. Alyson Publications. 2000. Hudson, Walter W. , and Wendell A. Ricketts. 1980. â€Å"A Strategy for the Measurement of Homophobia. † Journal of Homosexuality 5(4):357-72 Icard, L. (1986). Black gay men and conflicting social identities: Sexual orientation versus racial identity. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 4, 83-93. Levitt, Eugene E. , and Albert D.Klassen. 1974. â€Å"Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality: Part of the 1970 Nation Survey by the Institute for Sex Research. † Journal of H omosexuality. 1(1):29-43. Lewis, Gregory B. Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly. Chicago: Spring 2003. Vol. 67, Iss. 1; pg. 59, 20 pgs. Peterson, J. L. (1992). â€Å"Black Men and Their Same-Sex Desires and Behaviors. † In Gay Culture in America, edited by Gilbert Herdt. Boston: Beacon Press Riggs, Marlon T. Black Macho Revisited: Reflections of a Snap! Queen.Black American Literature Forum, Vol. 25, No. 2, Black Film Issue. (Summer, 1991), pp. 389- 394. Riggs, M. (director). Tongues Untied. 55 min. Frameline, Inc. , 1989. Available at: http://www. dailymotion. com/video/xe80ww_tvxs-gr-tongues-untied_people#. UWRkFE7n9Ms Smith, Barbara. The Truth that Never Hurts. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London. 1998. Pgs 125-132. Stokes, Joseph P. , and John L. Peterson. 1998. â€Å"Homophobia, Self-Esteem, and Risk for HIV among African American Men Who Have Sex with Men. † AIDS Education and Prevention 10(3):278-92

How the iPhona Changed Modern Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Chronis disease management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chronis disease management - Research Paper Example In the paper by Miaskowski, et.al. (2004), the authors sought to test the effectiveness of the PRO-SELF Pain Control Program when compared with standard care in reducing pain intensity scores, increasing appropriate analgesic prescriptions, and increasing analgesic intake in cancer outpatients with pain from bone metastasis. This study covered seven outpatient settings in Northern California, including a university-based cancer center, two community-based oncology practices, one health maintenance organization, one outpatient radiation therapy center, one veteran’s affairs facility, and one military hospital. In this study, the patients were assigned randomly in either the PRO-SELF intervention or standard care intervention. Those under standard care were visited by a research nurse three times, and then called three times by phone between home visits. Those under the PRO-SELF setting patients were visited by specially trained intervention nurses and then received a psychoeduc ational intervention. They were instructed on how to use a pillbox, and were given instructions on how to communicate with their doctor about pain symptoms and changes needed in analgesic prescriptions. Patients were also instructed during follow-up home visits and three phone calls on how to improve cancer pain management. To ensure the ethical treatment of this study, the authors gained the respondent’s written consent, after explaining to them the purpose of the research and the fact that their identity would remain confidential throughout the research. The ethical committee was consulted first and their review and consent secured before the rest of the research process was carried out. A sample of atleast 150 patients was needed in order to complete this study. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were established for the patients’ demographic and disease-related qualities. Independent student’s t-tests and x2 analysis were carried out to deter mine differences in demographics, disease, and pain qualities between patients in the two treatment groups. Analyses of variance were carried out to establish if there were changes in pain intensity scores over time. The McNemar test was then used to establish differences over time based on kinds of analgesic prescriptions. The P-value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. This study revealed that pain intensity scores were reduced significantly from baseline figures in the PRO-SELF group, as compared to the standard treatment group. The percentage of patients in the PRO-SELF group with the most appropriate kind of analgesia increased significantly from 28.3% to 37.0% as compared to the standard group which changed from 29.6% to 32.5%. The study therefore established that using a psychoeducational intervention, which includes nurse coaching within the standard of self-care, can improve pain management for cancer patients. Critical Analysis The authors are credib le authors for this research. They possess the

Assess of the strategies and processes as compared to traditional Essay

Assess of the strategies and processes as compared to traditional bricks and mortar businesses - Essay Example Soon telecommuting will not only become more common, but its essence will change. Today, most telecommuters do tasks that do not require a physical presence at the office-writing or analysis. E-mail and phone provide some interaction with colleagues, but most of the remote work is solitary. In the future, videoconferencing, electronic collaboration on documents, and the integration of the phone and PC will create a telepresence at the office that is impossible today for home workers. These technologies are already removing geography as a barrier to work.This excerpt from the book makes us understand the real scale of change that is happening around us in the way in which business is going to be done in future. The ways in which people think, act and decide are going to change. These changes are also obvious in the way in which the business operations are carried out. The business processes that are required to carry out the everyday operations in a business are changing rapidly acros s the world. Hence, this essay is written to understand the differences between the traditional business models and the e-businesses with respect to the various activities such as the marketing, procurement, payment systems, security, logistics and supply chain management are discussed in this paper. The objective of this analysis is to understand better the way in which internet has changed business operations and for this purpose, www.amazon.com is selected for analysis. REVIEW OF LITERATURE To compare and contrast the business models in the real world and the virtual world, first we have to understand what a business model is. According to Magali Dubosson-Torbay2 and other fellow researchers, business model means the architecture of a firm and its network of partners for creating, marketing and delivering value and relationship capital to one or several segments of customers in order to generate profitable and sustainable revenue streams. The eBusiness Model framework suggested by them is therefore divided into four principal components. (1) The products and services a firm offers, representing a substantial value to a target customer (value proposition), and for which he is willing to pay. (2) The relationship capital the firm creates and maintains with the customer, in order to satisfy him and to generate sustainable revenues. (3) The infrastructure and the network of partners that are necessary in order to create value and to maintain a good customer relationship. And last, but not least, (4) the financial aspects that can be found throughout the three former components, such as cost and revenue structures. Hence, the authors mention that, it is important that business organizations that are operating in the internet should concentrate on the aspects such as product innovation, customer relationship, infrastructure management and financial aspects. When a business is considering to adopt a business model it has to consider the following aspects which are mentioned by Tapscott3, et al, that The user role : How is the client or the prospect is considered by the company As a client or as a provider of a product / service that other clients may want to buy from, or as a participant to whom nothing is sold but information or services are offered against information about the participant - Interaction pattern : Is the service provided by one or many people / companies to one or many people / companies - Nature of the offerings : Is the company offering information, services or products to its visitors In some cases, the company but is giving away its content for free against information gathering and/or is getting money from ads. Another option could be that the